Isolated atrioventricular block of unknown origin in the adult and autoimmunity: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations exemplified by 3 anti-Ro/SSA–associated cases

Pietro Enea Lazzerini, MD, Antonio Brucato, MD, Pier Leopoldo Capecchi, MD, Lucia Baldi, MD, Maria Romana Bacarelli, Tech, Claudia Nucci, MD, Valentina Moscadelli, MD, Gabriella Morozzi, BiolD, Mohamed Boutjdir, PhD, Franco Laghi-Pasini, MD From the Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, Department of Internal Medicine, “Papa Giovanni XXIII” Hospital, Bergamo, Italy, Department of Heart, Thorax and Vessels, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy, Research Department, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology and Pharmacology, State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York, and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.